CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.8.3

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Reading a Character Analysis

Before you begin your own writing, you should read an example created by another student to get a sense of what a character analysis looks and sounds like. As you read, note how the writer describes the character, explores themes, and cites evidence from the literature. Click on the side notes to study these features.

Reading a Student Model

This student sample analyzes the main character from Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. The analysis highlights how the character changes throughout the story and how the changes reflect some of the main themes of the work. The overall structure includes a beginning paragraph, multiple body paragraphs, and an ending paragraph. The writer uses source citations and discussions of theme to reveal qualities of the character.

Sample Character Analysis

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Responding to a Poem for Assessment

When you closely read a poem on an assessment, pay attention to the sounds of poetry, such as rhythm, alliteration, and repetition. Also note the meaning of poetry, focusing on features like imagery, metaphor, and symbolism.

Closely read a poem.

Read the following poem, paying attention to sound and meaning.

Source 2

Chicago Poet

Carl Sandburg

I saluted a nobody.

I saw him in a looking-glass.

He smiled—so did I.

He crumpled the skin on his forehead,

     frowning—so did I.

Everything I did he did.

I said, “Hello, I know you.”

And I was a liar to say so.

Ah, this looking-glass man!

Liar, fool, dreamer, play-actor,

Soldier, dusty drinker of dust—

Ah! he will go with me

Down the dark stairway

When nobody else is looking,

When everybody else is gone.

He locks his elbow in mine,

I lose all—but not him.

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Warm-Up for Literature Assessment

Some major assessments test your ability to read and respond to literature.

How Can I Practice for Assessment?

Literature Assessment
© Thoughtful Learning 2016

The best way to practice for a reading and writing assessment is to take a practice test, like the one in this unit. You will closely read a story and a poem and write about them. You'll also write a story of your own.

You’ll find a playful story about a girl who tries to get away from her shadow. You’ll also read a poem about a man speaking to his reflection. Read them closely. You’ll be drawing evidence from them to build a response. You’ll also get to experiment with telling a story of your own.

If you would like more help with closely reading literature and responding in writing, see the unit “Reading and Writing Literature for Assessment.”

Responding to a Story for Assessment

When you closely read a story, pay attention to character, setting, conflict, and theme.

Closely read a short story.

Read the following story. You will need to answer questions afterward, but you can refer back as needed.

Source 1

Friend Beneath Your Feet

By Felice Williams

Jana stretched, yawned, and jumped out of bed.

“Ow! Hey! Get off me!”

Startled, Jana jumped back in bed. “Who said that?”

A muffled voice came underneath her. “Me!”

“Who are you?”

“Your shadow, that’s who,” the shadow replied. “I’m pinned underneath you!”

“Sorry!” Jana replied, scrambling off the bed.

“You’re stepping on my feet!” the shadow growled.

Jana lifted her feet, dancing to keep from stepping on the shadow, but every time her foot came down, the shadow was right under it. “Hey, you keep putting your feet under mine!”

“Of course I do. I’m your shadow!”

Jana shook her head. “Then I can’t help stepping on your feet or pinning you to the bed, can I?”

“No, you can’t help it,” her shadow replied, “but at least you could realize you’re doing it. Maybe you wouldn’t stomp around so much if you thought about how you’re always stepping on my feet!”

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Writing On-Demand Essays

A writing assessment gives you a short time to write a paragraph or an essay. To do so, you should use a shortened form of the writing process.

Prewriting (5 Minutes)

Start by reading the writing prompt and analyzing it using the PAST questions.

Sample Writing Prompt

In “Finding Your Instrument” by Tom Diesel, Jamal and his friends are trying to decide what instrument they would like to play. Denny and the others choose saxophone, but Jamal decides on trombone. Why? What motivates Jamal's decision? Write an essay that explains Jamal's choice, using evidence from the source to support your explanation.

Answer the PAST questions.

Purpose? Explain Jamal’s choice

Audience? Tester

Subject? “Finding Your Instrument”

Type? Essay

Write a focus statement.

Jamal realizes he’s better off choosing his own way.

List supporting details.

--Denny is pressuring everyone to play saxophone.

--Denny makes fun of Jamal.

--Jamal tries trombone.

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Analyzing Theme

The theme of a story is a lesson it teaches about life. The theme usually will not be stated outright. You have to infer it from the characters’ actions and words. Ask yourself questions like these.

  • What does the main character learn?

    Glenda learns that she should focus on what she can control (how high she climbs) rather than what she can’t (how tall she is).

  • How does the main character change?

    Glenda stops being a hanger and becomes a climber. She accepts her height and focuses on things she can do instead.

  • How are you changed by reading this story?

    I realize I should accept things I can’t change about myself and focus on what I can do.

  • What is the writer trying to say about life? (theme)

    Don’t focus on what you are given, but on what you do with it.

Read for theme.

Read the following story, watching for theme.

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Analyzing Plot

The plot of a story takes a standard shape. The beginning (exposition) introduces character, setting, and conflict. The middle (rising action) raises the level of conflict to a high point (climax). The ending tells what happens afterward (falling action and resolution).

Plot Diagram
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Analyzing Conflict

Once you know what a character wants, you can think about the obstacles in the way—what the person has to overcome. Obstacles create conflict. You’ll find six basic types of conflict:

  1. Person versus self means the character is his or her own worst enemy or is struggling to make up his or her mind.
  2. Person versus person pits the character against another character.
  3. Person versus society brings the character into conflict with what other people want or think is okay.
  4. Person versus nature has the person fight weather, animals, wilderness, natural disaster, or forces like aging or gravity.
  5. Person versus supernatural sets the character against fate or magic.
  6. Person versus machine pits the character against computers or technology.
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Analyzing Characters

Stories focus on people, animals, or humanlike objects called characters. You can analyze a character by describing the person physically and mentally.

  • Name

    Coup, the most sensible car at the dealership

  • Physical description (gender, age, appearance, health, strength, speed)

    He is a new car, “blue, midsized, economical, with a ten-year warranty;” he’s not the fastest, the largest, or the most stylish.

  • Mental description (intelligence, personality, confidence, attitude)

    He is practical and shy. He knows the kind of owner he wants but rarely sees one. He’s picky. He also seems discouraged and closed off.

  • Motivation (what the character wants)

    Coup wants to find a practical owner. He wants to be driven away from the dealership, but he seems afraid to let people try him out.

Read for character.

Pay close attention to the main character and what she wants.

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Closely Reading Stories

To closely read stories, you should read once to get an overall sense of what is happening. Then return to read a second time and focus on character, setting, conflict, and theme.

Read a short story.

Pay close attention to the main character and what he wants.

By Anonymous (not verified), 12 March, 2026

Warm-Up for Reading and Writing Literature Assessments

Reading lets you experience great stories, and writing helps you tell your own great stories. That's why some major assessments test your ability to read literature, write about it, and maybe even write your own stories.

What Is Literature Assessment?

Reading and Writing Literature Assessments
© Thoughtful Learning 2016

Literature assessments test how well you read stories and poems and whether you can write clearly about them. On some literature assessments, you will create your own stories. This unit will help you prepare for these kinds of assessments.

In the following activities, you’ll learn about close reading—reading to understand how a story or poem works. You’ll discover how writers use character, setting, plot, conflict, and theme to develop stories. You’ll also learn how poets use rhythm, rhyme, imagery, and figures of speech. Then you’ll discover strategies for on-demand writing—strategies for developing your own ideas during an assessment.

Thinking About Close Reading

To read closely, you need to think about the parts of a story: character, setting, conflict, and theme. Even flash fiction has these elements.

Read closely.

Read the following flash-fiction story and answer the questions.

Worm with a Backbone

By Kerry Jackson

Flippy the Fish had never seen such a fat worm. It just hung there, wriggling under the water. Its pink skin gleamed with morning sunlight, and the flesh puffed up in the most delicious way. What a perfect breakfast! Flippy was just a little blue gill in a big pond, but if he ate enough worms like this, he’d be a big fish in no time. Except there was something weird about this worm. It was curved. It wriggled, yes, but it never unbent. Flippy moved closer and blinked. The worm looked like it had a backbone—a metal backbone curved in a hook shape. Hmm. Who wants to eat metal? Not so delicious after all, Flippy thought. He finned away across the pond, looking for a better breakfast.