CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.8.1

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This narrative tells of the day a middle school student had to say good-bye to her home country.
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Reading an Application Letter

Before writing your application letter, you should read an effective sample. In this lesson, you'll first read a sample announcement. Then you'll read one applicant's response. As you read the sample application letter, consider how the writer put ideas together and how you might use some of the strategies in your own writing.

Reading an Announcement

Read a sample announcement.

Read the following announcement about a summer camp. The writer of the sample letter that follows it responds to the opportunity presented in the announcement.

Sample Announcement

Sample Announcement
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Reading a Research Report

Before you begin the process of writing a research report, you'll want to see how others did so. This lesson shows you a sample research report, explaining each of its main parts. As you read the sample, think about how the writer integrated information from different sources to explain the topic in an informative manner.

Reading a Sample Research Report

A research report has some special features, but the actual report has three main parts, just like an essay. The beginning paragraph introduces the topic and leads to a focus statement. The body paragraphs support the focus statement by citing evidence from sources. The ending paragraph revisits the main idea.

Research reports end with a works-cited page, which lists the sources used in the writing. Source material is cited within the report using in-text citations.

Sample Research Paper

Gutierrez 1

Header

Maria Gutierrez

Mr. Meddaugh

Social Studies

11 February 2016

The Legacy of Sally Ride

Beginning Paragraph Before Sally Ride, space travel was mostly a club for men. Even though studies showed women had the stamina and fortitude to thrive in space, NASA excluded them from its first space missions based on a rule that astronauts had to also be fighter pilots, a profession deemed "too dangerous" for women at that time (Gannon). By 1983 only two women had ever been in space, and they were both from Russia. Ride would change that. Focus statement Sally Ride’s trailblazing journey to outer space opened doors for women interested in science and space.

Despite growing up in a time when science was considered a mostly male interest, the subject fascinated Ride early on in life. Born in 1951 in Los Angeles, California, her favorite subjects in school were math and science. She especially liked the scientific method of asking questions and testing answers (Macy 42). “For whatever reason, I didn't succumb to the stereotype that science wasn't for girls. I got encouragement from my parents. I never ran into a teacher or a counselor who told me that science was for boys. A lot of my friends did,” said Ride (Smith). Her passion helped her get accepted into Stanford University, where she studied physics. She was one of few women in the physics department but received great grades (Macy 45).

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Warm-Up for Research Reports

In this unit, you will research a variety of sources to write a report about an important person.

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Reading an Advertisement Poster and Essay

Before you create your own advertisement for a product, you should see how other writers persuaded their audiences to buy. Study the poster and essay below and think about how the writer convinced others to purchase the product.

Reading an Advertisement Poster

A persuasive poster uses visuals and words to connect a product to the needs of the audience. The graphics on the poster should not only grab the attention of the reader but also begin persuading the person. The slogan continues convincing readers by connecting to their desires. The call to action completes the persuasive pitch, asking the viewer to do something specific (buy the product!).

Sample Poster

Drink Water Poster

Teaching Tip

Students can use the lessons learned from this persuasive poster to make their own extra credit persuasive posters after they have written their essays.

Respond to the poster.

Answer these questions about the poster.

  1. How does the slogan get your attention?
  2. How does the image help to persuade?
  3. What action does the poster call you to do? What reason does it give you to take that action?

Reading an Advertisement Essay

A persuasive essay has three main parts. The beginning paragraph starts with a lead that grabs the reader's attention and ends with an opinion statement. The middle paragraphs give reasons to support the opinion. The ending paragraph restates the opinion and provides an important final thought or a call to action.

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Reading a Persuasive Paragraph and Essay

Before you write your own essay, you can read a persuasive paragraph and essay that others wrote. As you read, think about how the writers put ideas together and how you might support an opinion in your essay.

Reading a Persuasive Paragraph

A persuasive paragraph has three main parts. The topic sentence states the opinion. The body sentences support the opinion with reasons. The ending sentence restates or emphasizes the opinion.

Sample Paragraph

Listen to "Overcrowded Schools"

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Overcrowded Schools

Topic Sentence:
Opinion
Overcrowding is one of the biggest problems facing today's schools. To start, crowded hallways lead to tardiness and wasted class time. Students struggle to get from class to class when they have to dodge their way through crowded hallways. And when students are late, teachers lose out on time for teaching. Body Sentences Cafeterias are too crowded, too. Lunch lines are so long that some students have to make the choice between eating or being late for class. Going to class hungry or anxious won't put any student in the right mind to learn. Finally, crowded classrooms make it difficult for teachers to manage teaching and discipline. Meanwhile, students lose out on individual attention when teachers have to deal with so many other students. Ending Sentence Until schools solve the overcrowding problem, students and teachers will continue to suffer.

Respond to the paragraph.

Answer these questions about the paragraph.

  1. What opinion does the writer develop?
  2. What three reasons does she give to support the opinion?
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Reading a Promotion Paragraph and Essay

Before writing to promote your own cause, you should see how other writers convinced their audiences. As you read the paragraph and essay below, think about how the writers put ideas together and how you might promote your own cause.

Reading a Persuasive Paragraph

A persuasive paragraph has three main parts. The topic sentence states the opinion. The body sentences support the opinion with reasons. The ending sentence restates or emphasizes the opinion.

Sample Paragraph

Save the Shelter

Topic Sentence:
Opinion
The city animal shelter needs more support from all of us to continue helping animals and our community. Our shelter is the only one in the tri-county area that does not euthanize animals, but instead seeks homes for them. Body Sentences That makes it a critical resource for thousands of people. Local citizens adopt dozens of animals each week, giving them new starts on life. Each adopted animal is neutered or spayed so that it does not add to the problem of stray dogs and cats. The shelter also employs 15 full-time workers, giving them not just a paycheck but also an important mission to help our furry friends. Ending Sentences So, support the animal shelter through donations of food and cash as well as by speaking to your city council representatives. Together, we can help animals and enrich our own lives.

Respond to the paragraph.

Answer these questions about the paragraph.

  1. How would you summarize the writer's opinion?
  2. How would you summarize the three main reasons that support the opinion?
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Reading a Comparison-Contrast Paragraph and Essay

This lesson lets you discover how another student analyzed two topics in a comparison-contrast paragraph and essay.

Reading a Comparison-Contrast Paragraph

A comparison-contrast paragraph has three main parts. The topic sentence introduces two subjects and says something about them. The body sentences give details about how the two subjects are alike and different. The ending sentence sums up how the subjects are the same or different.

Sample Paragraph

BMX Bikes Versus Mountain Bikes

Topic Sentence

BMX bikes and mountain bikes are built in different ways. BMX bikes are great for tricks because they have a low, light frame and short tires. Mountain bikes have a high, heavy frame and thick tires. Body Sentences This makes them great for off-road riding on bumpy surfaces. Another way the two types of bikes differ is the number of gears. Mountain bikes have many different gears, but BMX bikes normally have just one gear. The number of gears relates to the main difference between the two bikes. Ending Sentence BMX bikes are built in a way that lets riders do tricks, while mountain bikes are built for off-road riding, including up and down hills.

Respond to the paragraph.

Answer the following questions about the reading.

  1. Does the reading mostly focus on the way the two bikes are the same or different?
  2. Name three ways the bikes differ.
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Editing Classification Essays

After you revise your classification essay, making major improvements, you need to edit it to correct any remaining errors. You'll look for problems with sentences, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, usage, and spelling. The following activities will help you edit your writing.

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Writing a Classification Essay

Once you finish prewriting, you are ready to create the first draft of your ideas. These writing activities will help you create a strong beginning, middle, and ending for your classification essay. You'll also read another student's essay to see how all of the parts came together.

Writing the Beginning Paragraph

The beginning of your classification essay should introduce your topic with some interesting background information and then give your focus statement.

Write your beginning paragraph.

Create your first paragraph, starting with interesting background information and moving toward your focus statement.

Lead Sentence

We humans have created devices, such as camouflage-patterned military fatigues and pepper spray, to protect ourselves in dangerous situations.

Detail Sentences

Have you ever wondered where we got the ideas for these tools? They may have come from examples set by other members of the animal kingdom. Animals face many dangers in their environments, and they have some unusual and inspired methods of defense.

Focus Statement

Three ways in which animals protect themselves are by changing colors, releasing chemicals, and giving up a body part.

Writing the Middle Paragraphs