Writing an Argument Essay

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Unit Lesson Body

Writing an Argument Essay

You've researched controversial topics in your school, community, nation, and world. You've stated a position and explored reasons for and against it. You've even outlined your argument based on whether your audience is receptive or resistant. Now it's time to write your first draft. The following activities will guide you.

Writing the Beginning Paragraph

The beginning first needs to grab the reader's attention. Then it introduces the topic and provides background leading up to your position statement. To get started with your beginning paragraph, you can experiment with different lead-writing strategies.

Write a lead sentence.

Write a different lead sentence for each strategy to capture the reader's attention. Use the examples as inspiration.

  1. Ask a provocative question.

    What if Waterford had more dining options, including exotic foods from Africa, the South Pacific, and the Middle East?

  2. Provide a fascinating quotation.

    “If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a moveable feast.” 
    ― Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast

  3. Provide a surprising fact.

    Food trucks have evolved from ice cream and hot dogs to Kobe steaks and calamari.

  4. Directly address the issue.

    Most people would agree that special interest lobbies meant to restrict competition result in unfair laws—except when the topic is "food trucks."

Write your beginning paragraph.

Start with your lead, and then provide background and develop a paragraph leading to your position statement.

Writing the Middle Paragraphs

Develop a middle paragraph for each reason that supports your position statement. Organize these paragraphs using your outline.

Write your middle paragraphs.

Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that provides a reason in support of your position statement. Provide facts, statistics, examples, definitions, and other details that support each reason. Answer objections first (for a resistant audience) or last (for a receptive audience), depending on your outline.

Teacher Tip

Encourage students to use a logical, reasonable voice that still shows their commitment to their position. Overly emotional language ("sure, the old-boy network of restaurant owners opposes food trucks") undercuts the effectiveness of the argument. Sterile language ("Much has been said lately regarding food trucks") leaves the reader cold. A balanced but engaged voice does the best job of making the case for a controversial position.

Writing the Ending Paragraph

Just as your beginning paragraph needs to draw readers out of their own world and into the world of your argument, the ending paragraph needs to review your argument and help readers take the ideas with them. You can use a combination of ending strategies to accomplish this task.

Try ending strategies.

Write a sentence for each ending strategy, using the examples for inspiration.

  1. Ask provocative questions.

    Should food trucks be banned outright from Waterford? No. Should they be given unfair advantage over restaurants? No.

  2. Give a recommendation.

    We should develop a balanced food-truck ordinance that can create a level playing field for new markets and new dining options.

  3. Use another powerful quotation.

    The owner of the new glass-works south of town said, "I could either spend $10 million to build a cafeteria at my plant or let food trucks show up in my parking lot at lunch time. Guess which I'd rather do."

  4. Call the reader to action.

    Contact your city representative to support reasonable regulations that will allow food trucks into our city.

Write your ending paragraph.

Use some or all of the strategies you tried above as you build an ending paragraph for your argument essay.

Reading a Sample Draft

Read a student's argument essay.

As you read this draft, notice how the writer puts the parts together.

Listen to "Moveable Feast"

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Sample Argument Essay

Moveable Feast

Lead Ten years ago, Waterford had five sit-down restaurants and two fast-food places. Now, we have eight sit-down restaurants, four fast-food places, and a take-and-bake pizza place. That's called progress. Beginning Paragraph Citizens can choose from Mexican, Italian, Chinese, and Thai foods as well as all kinds of American fare. But what about tapas or tabouli or tandoori chicken? What about food options in the new industrial park, which employs over 500 citizens but lies four miles outside of town? Position Statement One simple change to our city laws can provide all of these options on a level playing field: a carefully crafted food-truck ordinance.

Answers to Objections As soon as the word "food truck" enters the conversation, the objections begin. Restaurant owners in Waterford have the strongest objections. Facts and Statistics They pay property taxes as well as a $650 per year restaurant license fee, but they suddenly must compete with someone who has no property tax and a $60 mobile license. The answer is well-crafted legislation. Mobile licenses can neither be cheap nor prohibitively expensive, but rather must be balanced. Also, mobile vendors should be prohibited from operating within 100 meters of a brick-and-mortar restaurant that serves the same kind of food. Middle Paragraphs These provisions prevent direct competition for customers and parking spaces while providing new food options to citizens. In addition, food trucks provide a walking meal, not a sit-down one, so they fill a different niche in the food-service ecology, diminishing direct competition. Some parents worry that fast-food trucks will park beside schools, drawing students away from cafeterias and to deep-fried, high-caloric fare. The ordinance can also have restriction zones around schools, keeping all food trucks 100 meters away, and trucks serving unhealthy foods farther still. Others worry about the mess created by patrons discarding wrappers and other debris on the streets. The ordinance should require food trucks to provide their own trash and recycling receptacles and display a sign urging patrons to use them. Beyond that, patrons must obey the city's existing ordinances against littering. For each serious objection to food trucks, the answer is not an outright ban but rather a sensible food-truck ordinance that creates a level playing field while increasing consumer choice.

Reasons (Topic Sentences) A sensible food-truck ordinance would bring Waterford to a dining revolution that is sweeping the nation. These aren't your father's food trucks, which offered overpriced ice cream or questionable hot dogs sloshing in brine. Many modern food trucks are chef-run specialty shops that delight foodies and first-timers alike. Examples Curry dishes from India, Cajun jambalaya from New Orleans, and crepe creations from Paris are just some of the many amazing offerings. How about some Middle-Eastern shawarma? How about some Japanese sushi? These delicious offerings provide no direct competition to existing brick-and-mortar restaurants here in Waterford. In fact, such food trucks generate their own market. Foodies flock to them, and others learn to seek a culinary adventure rather than settling for their ham sandwich brought from home. The proliferation of reality-TV shows about food trucks—including Food Truck Faceoff, The Great Food Truck Race, and Oprah's own Wingmen—demonstrates the popularity of the movement. Food trucks will generate their own followings and attract newcomers to our city through a vibrant foodie culture.

In addition to generating an all-new food market in our city, food trucks provide a new opportunity for entrepreneurs. Most people cannot afford to open a full-blown restaurant. However, excellent cooks could afford to buy and equip a food truck and create employment for themselves and others in town. Anecdotes A friend of mine has taken classes to become a baker and has created her own home bakery business. If she got a food truck, she could expand her business to provide gourmet cupcakes and donuts for the workers arriving in the morning at the new industrial park south of town. Another friend is a genius with homemade soups and stews, and she could ladle savory bowls of chicken and dumplings on cold days next to the building sites on the outskirts of town. Most food trucks employ at least two people, creating new income for local entrepreneurs, which therefore creates new local spending, and attracts new residents. Our city is growing. A reasonable food-truck ordinance would allow one more avenue of entrepreneurial growth and a richer banquet for diners.

We have many reasons to craft a balanced ordinance allowing food trucks, but the most important reason is ideological: competition and free markets. Logical Arguments The arguments against food trucks are largely protectionist, seeking to limit competition within the food-service industry. Limiting competition in a capitalist society reduces choice, decreases quality, and raises prices. Also these attempts to limit competition of course come from those who currently control the market. If these folks were in Washington, their attempts to sway lawmakers to prohibit competition would be seen as special-interest lobbying. That's exactly what it is here in Waterford, too. Few citizens would agree that good legislation comes from special-interest lobbying that results in protectionist policies for those special interests.

Ending Paragraph Ernest Hemingway once described Paris as "a moveable feast," because the cultural experience of living in the city would travel with him wherever he lived. Waterford is no Paris, but we have a chance to bring a moveable feast of cultural experience to our city. We can do so through well-crafted food-truck laws that prevent unfair advantage but also establish a right to compete on a level playing field. Predictions The foodies who already live in town would show up in droves for shish kabob and sauerbraten, and new patrons would become avid and adventurous diners. The workers at the industrial park would welcome the change from bag lunches. The workers at the construction sites around the city would as well. And local cooks of all stripes would find a new business opportunity to explore their passions and support their families. The benefits of food trucks in Waterford are many, and the drawbacks can be minimized by solid legislation. So, get behind a sensible food-truck ordinance, and get ready to enjoy a new, moveable feast.

Templates
Template Name
Write the Lead Sentence
Template Content

Name:

Date:

Write a different lead sentence for each strategy to capture the reader’s attention. Use the examples as inspiration.

1. Ask a provocative question.

What if Waterford had more dining options, including exotic foods from Africa, the South Pacific, and the Middle East?

 

2. Provide a strong quotation.

“If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a moveable feast.”

— Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast

 

3. Provide a surprising fact.

Food trucks have evolved from ice cream and hot dogs to Kobe steak and calamari.

 

4. Directly address the issue.

Most people would agree that special interest lobbies meant to restrict competition result in unfair laws—except when the topic is "food trucks."

Template Name
Try Ending Strategies
Template Content

Name:

Date:

Write a sentence for each ending strategy, using the examples for inspiration.

1. Ask provocative questions.

Should food trucks be banned outright from Waterford? No. Should they be given unfair advantage over restaurants? No.

 

2. Give a recommendation.

We should develop a balanced food-truck ordinance that can create a level playing field for new markets and new dining options.

 

3. Use another powerful quotation.

The owner of the new glass-works south of town said, "I could either spend $10 million to build a cafeteria at my plant or let food trucks show up in my parking lot at lunch time. Guess which I'd rather do."

 

4. Call the reader to action.

Contact your city representative to support reasonable regulations that will allow food trucks into our city.

Unit Container Label
Unit Container D7 ID
Lesson Weight
4